![]() Following an unenhanced scan of the abdomen and pelvis, 40 ml of IV contrast medium are administered. In patients 40 years or younger, a split-bolus, two-phase protocol is used to limit radiation exposure. An excretory phase scan of the abdomen and pelvis is obtained at 15 min. In patients over the age of 40 years, we image the kidneys in the nephrographic phase at 100 s after contrast material injection (80 ml of iodinated contrast material 370 mg I/ml), to detect and characterize renal masses. Unenhanced CT scans also allow measurement of the native attenuation of masses throughout the urinary tract that can be used to assess for enhancement. ![]() We obtain an unenhanced CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis to identify calculi, including those in the bladder, that could be masked by excreted contrast material. Excretory phase images are considered essential in the evaluation of the urothelium. Although techniques vary among institutions, the goal of CTU is to achieve a set of images that include a fully opacified and distended intrarenal collecting system, ureters, and bladder.
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